1. The Gerund, the Absolutive or the Indeclinable Participle
The suffix -tv± is added to the root of the verb or verbal base* with or sometimes without the connecting vowel -i- to form the gerund, absolutive or the indeclinable participle.
| pac + i + tv± = | pacitv± = | having cooked |
| kh±d + i + tv± = | kh±ditv± = | having eaten |
| gam + tv±= | gantv± = | having gone |
| han + tv± = | hantv± = | having killed |
* The root is the simplest element of a verb without prefixes, suffixes or terminations. These are normally given in Sanskrit in grammars by Western scholars. The base is formed by adding a suffix to the root before a termination. For example:
pac is the root paca is the base kh±d is the root kh±da is the base bhuj is the root bhuñja is the base gam is the root gaccha is the base
The suffix -ya is sometimes added to roots with a prefix.
| ± + gam + ya = | ±gamma (with assimilation) = | having come |
| ± + d± + ya = | ±d±ya = | having taken |
| ± + ruh + ya = | ±ruyha (with metathesis) = | having climbed |
| ava + ruh + ya = | oruyha (with metathesis) = | having descended |
2. Attention may be paid to the following forms:
bhuñjati - bhuñjitv±, bhutv± ±gacchati - ±gantv±, ±gamma hanati - hanitv±, hantv± dad±ti - daditv±, datv± nah±yati - nah±yitv±, nah±tv± tiµµhati - µhatv± nikkhamati - nikkhamitv±, nikkhamma pajahati - pajahitv±, pah±ya passati - passitv±; but disv± is more commonly used from the root d¥œ to see, instead of passitv±. uµµhahati - uµµhahitv±, uµµh±ya
3. Examples in sentence formation
1. Kassako khettamh± ±gantv± bhatta½ bhuñjati.
The farmer, having come from the field, eats rice.2. V±nar± rukkha½ ±ruyha phal±ni kh±danti.
Having climbed the tree, monkeys eat fruits.3. D±rako bhatta½ y±citv± rodati.
Having asked for rice, the child cries.4. Samašo Buddha½ passitv± vandati.
Having seen the Buddha, the recluse worships (him).
Exercise 9
4. Translate into English
1. Up±sako vih±ra½ gantv±
samaš±na½ d±na½ dad±ti.
2. S±vako ±sanamhi nis²ditv± p±de dhovati.
3. D±rak± pupph±ni sa½haritv± m±tulassa
datv± hasanti.
4. Y±cak± uyy±namh± ±gamma kassakasm±
odana½ y±canti.
5. Luddako hatthena sare ±d±ya arañña½ pavisati.
6. Kum±r± kukkurena saddhi½ k²¼itv±
samudda½ gantv± nah±yanti.
7. V±šijo p±s±šasmi½ µhatv± kudd±lena
sappa½ paharati.
8. Sappuriso y±cakassa putte pakkositv± vatth±ni dad±ti.
9. D±rako ±v±µamhi patitv± rodati.
10. Bh³p±lo p±s±damh± nikkhamitv± amaccena
saddhi½ bh±sati.
11. Sunakho udaka½ pivitv± gehamh± nikkhamma magge sayati.
12. Samaš± bh³p±lassa uyy±ne sannipatitv± dhamma½
bh±santi.
13. Putto nah±tv± bhatta½ bhutv± mañca½
±ruyha sayati.
14. V±šij± d²pamh± nagara½ ±gamma ±cariyassa
gehe vasanti.
15. Rajako vatth±ni dhovitv± putta½ pakkosati.
16. V±nar± rukkhehi oruyha uyy±ne ±hiš¹anti.
17. Mig± vanamhi ±hiš¹itv± pašš±ni kh±danti.
18. Kum±ro nayan±ni dhovitv± suriya½ passati.
19. N±vikassa mitt± nagarasm± bhaš¹±ni ±d±ya
g±ma½ ±gacchanti.
20. D±rako kh²ra½ pivitv± gehamh± nikkhamma
hasati.
21. Sappuris± d±n±ni datv± s²l±ni rakkhitv±
sagga½ gacchanti.
22. S³karo udakamh± uttaritv± ±v±µa½
oruyha sayati.
23. T±paso Tath±gatassa s±vaka½ disv± vanditv±
pañha½ pucchati.
24. Asappuriso y±cakassa patta½ bhinditv± akkositv±
geha½ gacchati.
25. Sakuš± g±me rukkhehi uppatitv± arañña½
otaranti.
26. Paš¹ito ±sanamh± uµµhahitv± t±pasena
saddhi½ bh±sati.
27. D±rako geh± nikkhamma m±tula½ pakkositv±
geha½ pavisati.
28. Dev± sappurisesu pas²ditv± te (them) rakkhanti.
29. Kum±rassa sah±yak± p±s±da½ ±ruyha
±sanesu nis²danti.
30. Goš± khettamhi ±hiš¹itv± tiša½ kh±ditv±
sayanti.
5. Translate into P±li
1. Having gone out of the house the farmer enters
the field.
2. Having preached (deseti)the doctrine, the Buddha enters the monastery.
3. The king having been pleased with the Buddha, abandons the palace and goes
to the monastery.
4. Having climbed down from the stairway, the child laughs.
5. Having hit the serpent with a stone the boy runs into the house.
6. Having gone to the forest the man climbs a tree and eats fruits.
7. Having washed the clothes in the water, the washerman brings (them) home.
8. The lion having killed a goat, eats having sat on a rock.
9. The doctor having seen the merchants´ goods leaves the city.
10. Having broken (into) the house thieves run to the forest.
11. Having roamed in the field the pig falls into a pit.
12. The fisherman brings fish from the sea for farmers.
13. Having taken goods from the city, the teacher comes home.
14. Having stood on a mountain, the hunter shoots birds with arrows.
15. The oxen having eaten grass in the park, sleep on the road.
16. The king having got down from the chariot speaks with the farmers.
17. The man having given up his house enters the monastery.
18. Fishermen give fish to merchants and receive profits.
19. The lay devotee having asked a question from the monk sits on his seat.
20. The disciples of the Buddha, having seen the wicked men, admonish.
21. The brahmin, having scolded the child, hits (him).
22. The deities, having asked questions from the Buddha, become glad.
23. The dog, having bitten the teacher´s foot, runs into the house.
24. The monkey, having played with the goat on the road, climbs a tree.
25. The hermit, having come from the forest, receives a cloth from the good
man.
26. Having drunk water, the child breaks the bowl.
27. Having advised the farmers´ sons, and having risen from the seats,
the monks go to the monastery.
28. The sailor, having crossed the sea, goes to the island.
29. The child calls the uncles and dances in the house.
30. Having washed clothes and bathed, the farmer gets out of water.
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