1. Declension of Pronouns

There are:

of all three genders.

They are declined in all cases except the vocative. They become adjectives when they qualify other nouns.

2. Masculine gender, singular number

  Relative Pronoun Demonstrative Pronoun Interrogative Pronoun
Nom. yo = he who so = he, that ko = who
Acc. ya½ ta½ ka½
Ins. yena tena kena
Abl. yamh±, yasm± tamh±, tasm± kasm±, kism±
Dat. yassa tassa kassa, kissa
Gen. yassa tassa kassa, kissa
Loc. yamhi, yasmi½ tamhi, tasmi½ kamhi, kasmi½ kimhi, kismi½

3. Neuter Gender, singular number

 
  Relative Pronoun Demonstrative Pronoun Interrogative Pronoun
Nom. ya½ = that ta½ = it, that kim = which which
Acc. ya½ ta½ kim

The rest is similar to the masculine declension

4. Feminine gender, singular number

  Relative Pronoun Demonstrative Pronoun Interrogative Pronoun
Nom. y± = she, who s± = she, that k± = who
Acc. ya½ ta½ ka½
Ins. y±ya t±ya k±ya
Abl. y±ya t±ya k±ya
Dat. yass±, y±ya tass±, t±ya kass±, k±ya
Gen. yass±, y±ya tass±, t±ya kass±, k±ya
Loc. yassa½, y±ya½ tassa½, t±ya½ kassa½, k±ya½

 

5. Masculine gender, plural number

 
  Relative Pronoun Demonstrative Pronoun Interrogative Pronoun
Nom. ye = they, who te = they, those ke = who
Acc. ye te ke
Ins. yehi tehi kehi
Abl. yehi tehi kehi
Dat. yesa½(yes±na½) tesa½ (tes±na½) kesa½ (kes±na½)
Gen. yesa½(yes±na½) tesa½ (tes±na½) kesa½ (kes±na½)
Loc. yesu tesu kesu

 

6. Neuter gender, plural

 
  Relative Pronoun Demonstrative Pronoun Interrogative Pronoun
Nom. y±ni, ye = those, which t±ni, te = those k±ni, ke = which
Acc. y±ni, ye t±ni, te k±ni, ke

The rest is similar to the masculine declension


7. Feminine gender, plural number

 
  Relative Pronoun Demonstrative Pronoun Interrogative Pronoun
Nom. y±, y±yo = they, who t±, t±yo = they, those k±, k±yo = who
Acc. y±, y± yo t±, t±yo k±, k±yo
Ins. y±hi t±hi k±hi
Abl. y±hi t±hi k±hi
Dat. y±sa½ (y±s±na½) t±sa½ (t±s±na½) k±sa½(k±s±na½)
Gen. y±sa½ (y±s±na½) t±sa½ (t±s±na½) k±sa½(k±s±na½)
Loc. y±su t±su k±su


8. The indefinite particle:

ci

The indefinite particle ci (Skt. cid) is appended to the case forms of the interrogative pronoun, expressing ideas such as anyone, whichever, whoever, e.g.

Masc.


Neut.

Fem.


9. Pronominal Adverbs

Relative Adverbs Demonstrative Adverbs Interrogative Adverbs
yattha - where tattha - there kattha - where
yatra - where tatra - there kutra - where
yato - whence, where tato - thence, therefore kuto - whence
yath± - how, in what manner tath± - in that manner katha½ - how
yasm± - because tasm± - therefore kasm± - why
yad± - when tad± - then kad± - when
yena - where tena - there  
y±va - how long t±va - so long  


10.Examples in sentence formation

  1. Yo atthaññu hoti so kum±re anus±situ½ ±gacchatu.
    May he who is benevolent come to admonish the boys.

  2. Ya½ aha½ ±kaªkham±no ahosi½ so ±gato hoti.
    He whom I was expecting has come.

  3. Yena maggena so ±gato tena gantu½ aha½ icch±mi.
    By which road he came, I wish to go by the same.

  4. Yassa s± bhariy± hoti so bhatt± puññavanto hoti.
    He is a fortunate husband whose wife she is.

  5. Yasmi½ hatthe daddu atthi tena hatthena patto na gaşhitabbo hoti.
    The bowl should not be taken by the hand which has eczema on it.

  6. Y±ni kamm±ni sukha½ ±vahanti (bring) t±ni puññ±ni honti.
    Those actions which bring happiness are meritorious.

  7. Y± bhariy± s²lavat² hoti s± bhattuno piy±yati.
    The wife who is virtuous is dear to the husband.

  8. Y±ya r±jiniy± s± v±p² k±r±pit± ta½ aha½ na anussar±mi.
    I do not remember the queen by whom that tank was built.

  9. Yassa½ sabh±ya½ so katha½ pavattesi tattha bah³ manuss± sannipatit± abhavi½su / ahesu½.
    The meeting where he made a speech, there many people gathered.

  10. Y±sa½ itth²na½ mañj³s±su suvaşşa½ atthi t±yo dv±r±ni thaketv± gehehi nikkhamanti.
    Those women in whose boxes there is gold close the doors and go out.

  11. Y±su itth²su kodho natthi t±yo vin²t± bhariy±yo ca m±taro ca bhavanti.
    Women in whom there is no anger become disciplined wives and mothers.

  12. Yattha bh³patayo dhammik± honti tattha manuss± sukha½ vindanti.
    Where kings are righteous, there the men enjoy happiness.

  13. Yato bh±num± ravi loka½ obh±seti tato cakkhumant± r³p±ni passanti.
    Since the radiant sun illuminates the world, (therefore) those who have eyes see objects.

  14. Yath± Bhagav± dhamma½ deseti, tath± tumhehi paµipajjitabba½.
    Just as the Blessed One preaches the doctrine, so should you conduct yourselves.

  15. Yasm± pitaro rukkhe ropesu½, tasm± maya½ phal±ni bhuñj±ma.
    Because fathers planted trees, (therefore) we enjoy fruits.

  16. Y±da amhehi icchita½ patthita½ samijjhati tad± amhe mod±ma.
    When our wishes and aspirations are fulfilled, then we are happy.

  17. Ko tva½ asi? Ke tumhe hotha?
    Who are you (sg.)?
    Who are you (pl.)?

  18. Kena dhenu aµaviy± ±n²t±?
    By whom was the cow brought from the forest?

  19. Kassa bh³patin± p±s±do k±r±pito?
    For whom was the palace built by the king?

  20. Kasm± amhehi sacca½ bh±sitabba½?
    Why should we speak the truth?

  21. Asappurisehi p±lite d²pe kuto maya½ dhammika½ vinet±ra½ labhiss±ma?
    In an island governed by wicked men where will we get a righteous disciplinarian?

  22. Kehi kata½ kamma½ disv± tumhe kujjhatha?
    Seeing whose work (lit. done by whom) do you get angry?

  23. Kesa½ natt±ro tuyha½ ov±de µhassanti?
    Whose grandsons will stand by your advice?

  24. Kehi ropit±su lat±su pupph±ni ca phal±ni ca bhavanti?
    On the creepers planted by whom are there flowers and fruits?

  25. K±ya itthiy± p±desu daddu atthi?
    On the feet of which woman is there eczema?

Exercise 32

11. Translate into English

1. Yass± so putto hoti s± m±t± puññavat² hoti.
2. Yo ta½ d²pa½ p±leti so dhammiko bh³pati hoti.
3. Kena ajja (today) nava½ (new) j²vitamagga½ na pariyesitabba½?
4. Sace tumhe asappuris± loka½ d³seyy±tha (pollute) kattha puttadh²tarehi saddhi½ tumhe vasatha?
5. Yad± bhikkhavo sannipatitv± s±l±ya½ kilañj±su nis²di½su tad± Buddho p±visi.
6. Yasmi½ padese Buddho viharati tattha gantu½ aha½ icch±mi.
7. Y±ya½ guh±ya½ s²h± vasanti ta½ pasavo na upasaªkamanti.
8. Yo dhanav± hoti, tena s²lavat± bhavitabba½.
9. Sace tumhe ma½ pañha½ pucchissatha aha½ vissajjetu½ (to explain) ussahiss±mi.
10. Yattha s²lavant± bhikkhavo vasanti tattha manuss± sappuris± honti.
11. Kad± tva½ m±tara½ passitu½ bhariy±ya saddhi½ gacchasi?
12. Y±hi rukkh± chinn± t±yo pucchitu½ kassako ±gato hoti.
13. Katha½ tumhe udadhi½ taritu½ ±kaªkhatha?
14. Kuto t± itthiyo maşayo ±hari½su?
15. Y±su mañj³s±su aha½ suvaşşa½ nikkhipi½ t± cor± coresu½.
16. Yo ajja nagara½ gacchati so tar³su ketavo passissati.
17. Yassa may± y±gu p³jit± so bhikkhu tava putto hoti.
18. Kuto aha½ dhammassa viññ±t±ra½ paññavanta½ bhikkhu½ labhiss±mi?
19. Yasm± so bhikkh³su pabbaji, tasm± s± pi pabbajitu½ icchati.
20. Ya½ aha½ j±n±mi tumhe pi ta½ j±n±tha.
21. Y±sa½ itth²na½ dhana½ so icchati t±hi ta½ labhitu½ so na sakkoti.
22. Yato amh±ka½ bh³pati arayo par±jesi tasm± maya½ tar³su ketavo bandhimha.
23. Kad± amh±ka½ patthan± (aspirations) samijjhanti?
24. Sabbe te sappuris± tesa½ pañhe vissajjetu½ v±yamant± s±l±ya nisinn± honti.
25. Sace tva½ dv±ra½ thakesi aha½ pavisitu½ na sakkomi.
26. Amhehi kat±ni kamm±ni ch±y±yo viya amhe anubandhanti.
27. Susavo m±tara½ rakkhanti.
28. Aha½ s±min± saddhi½ gehe viharant² mod±mi.
29. Tumh±ka½ putt± ca dh²taro ca udadhi½ taritv± bhaş¹±ni vikkişant± m³la½ pariyesitu½ icchanti.
30. Tva½ sura½ pivasi, tasm± s± tava kujjhati.

12. Translate into P±li

1. He who is virtuous will defeat the enemy.
2. The girl who spoke at the meeting is not a relation of mine.
3. When the mother comes home the daughter will give the gems.
4. The dog to whom I gave rice is my brother´s.
5. Why did you not come home today to worship the monks?
6. From where did you get the robes which you offered to the monks?
7. Whom did you give the gold which I gave you?
8. Eat what you like.
9. I will sit on the rock until you bathe in the river.
10. Where intelligent people live there I wish to dwell.

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